developed and performed the surgical implantation procedures. collected and analyzed neural recordings in somatosensory cortex. analyzed data from intracortical microstimulation experiments. performed all intracortical microstimulation experiments. was supported by the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship under grant number DGE-1247842. Funding: This research was developed with funding from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency’s (DARPA, Arlington) Revolutionizing Prosthetics program (contract number N66001-10-C-4056) and the Office of Research and Development, Rehabilitation Research and Development Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, grant numbers B6789C, B7143R, and RX720. The views, opinions, and/or findings contained in this article are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the official views or policies of the Department of Veterans Affairs, the Department of Defense, or the U.S.
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Decaria, for supporting device development and regulatory approval for this study.
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Katyal, for coordination efforts and technical support in relation to this project and Blackrock Microsystems, including R. We would also like to thank the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, including M. Huppert (Department of Radiology) for use of the Grass stimulator the University of Pittsburgh Clinical and Translational Science Institute and the Office of Investigator-Sponsored Investigational New Drugs and Investigational Device Exemption support for assistance with protocol development and regulatory reporting and compliance and the volunteer members of the DSMB for their continued monitoring of this study. Weber (Department of Bioengineering) for leading efforts to put together much of the team that completed this work and for conversations about prosthetics and sensation T. Jourdan (Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) for financial and organizational support D. Johnson for coordination of the data and safety monitoring board (DSMB), and H. Harrington for recruitment, regulatory compliance, and clinical scheduling, M.
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Maguire for technical and software development efforts and assistance with testing sessions, D. Crammond (Department of Neurological Surgery) for clinical neurophysiological monitoring M. Gyulai (Department of Anesthesiology) for directing general anesthesia for the implantation surgery, and D. Arenth (Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) for the presurgical neuropsychological screening and for providing psychological monitoring throughout the study, F. Copeland for his extraordinary commitment to this study, his patience with experiments, and for the enlightening conversations with the study team the clinicians and researchers at the University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center including P. Further, modulating the stimulus amplitude grades the perceptual intensity of the stimuli, suggesting that intracortical microstimulation could be used to convey information about the contact location and pressure necessary to perform dexterous hand movements associated with object manipulation.
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Many of these percepts exhibit naturalistic characteristics (including feelings of pressure), can be evoked at low stimulation amplitudes, and remain stable for months. We show that microstimulation within the hand area of the somatosensory cortex of a person with long-term spinal cord injury evokes tactile sensations perceived as originating from locations on the hand and that cortical stimulation sites are organized according to expected somatotopic principles. Whereas animal studies have suggested that both cutaneous and proprioceptive percepts can be evoked using this approach, the perceptual quality of the stimuli cannot be measured in these experiments. Intracortical microstimulation of the somatosensory cortex offers the potential for creating a sensory neuroprosthesis to restore tactile sensation.